Γενοκτονία της Καμπότζης

Η Γενοκτονία της Καμπότζης (στη γλώσσα των Χμερ: ហាយនភាពខ្មែរ or ការប្រល័យពូជសាសន៍ខ្មែរ) αναφέρεται στις συστηματικές διώξεις και εκτελέσεις 1,5 έως 2 εκατομμύρια κατοίκων της Καμπότζης από το υποστηριζόμενο από το Κομμουνιστικό Κόμμα Κίνας, καθεστώς των Ερυθρών Χμερ το χρονικό διάστημα 1975-1979.^[1] ^[2] ^[3]

Η γενοκτονία σταμάτησε με την εισβολή του στρατού του Βιετνάμ στη Καμπότζη, τον Ιανουάριο του 1979, και την ήττα των Ερυθρών Χμερ. ^[4]

Από το 1970 μέχρι το 1975 διεξήχθη στη Καμπότζη εμφύλιος πόλεμος μεταξύ των δυνάμεων του Κομμουνιστικού Κόμματος της Καμπότζης, τα μέλη του οποίου είναι γνωστά ως Ερυθροί Χμερ, και είχαν την υποστήριξη του Βορείου Βιετνάμ και των Βιετκόνγκ και των δυνάμεων της Δημοκρατίας των Χμερ, που είχε προκύψει μετά το πραξικόπημα της 18ης Μαρτίου 1970 και είχε την υποστήριξη των Η.Π.Α. Μετά τη λήξη του εμφυλίου και τη κατάληψη της εξουσίας από τους Ερυθρούς Χμερ, το νέο καθεστώς, υπό την επίδραση της Πολιτιστικής Επανάστασης στη Κίνα και λαμβάνοντας βοήθεια από τη Κίνα, θέλησε να μετατρέψει τη χώρα σε μια αποκλειστικά αγροτική οικονομία χωρίς βιομηχανία και χρηματικές συναλλαγές και για το σκοπό υποχρέωσε το πληθυσμό να εγκατασταθεί σε στρατόπεδα εργασίας, στην ύπαιθρο. Εκεί εκατομμύρια Καμποτζιανοί υπέστησαν βασανιστήρια και εκτελέστηκαν ή πέθαναν από τις κακουχίες, τον υποσιτισμό και τις αρρώστιες. ^[5] ^[6]Η γενοκτονία προκάλεσε μεγάλα κύματα προσφύγων κυρίως προς το Βιετνάμ και δευτερευόντως προς τη Ταϊλάνδη. ^[7]

Κατά τη διάρκεια που ήταν στην εξουσία το καθεστώς των Ερυθρών Χμερ λειτούργησαν στην Καμπότζη 196 φυλακές, σε μια εκ των οποίων, τη Φυλακή Ασφαλείας 21 φυλακίστηκαν 20.000 άνθρωποι από τους οποίους επέζησαν μόνο 7. Οι κρατούμενοι μεταφέρονταν στα λεγόμενα Χωράφια του Θανάτου όπου εκτελούνταν, συχνά με αξίνες για να μη ξοδεύονται σφαίρες, και θάβονταν σε μαζικούς τάφους. ^[8]

Στις 2 Ιανουαρίου 2001 η κυβέρνηση της Καμπότζης προχώρησε στη σύσταση του Δικαστηρίου των Ερυθρών Χμερ και δίκασε μέλη του καθεστώτος, που ήταν υπεύθυνα για τη γενοκτονία. Στις 7 Αυγούστου 2014 ο Nuon Chea και ο Khieu Samphan καταδικάστηκαν σε ισόβια για εγκλήματα κατά της ανθρωπότητας. ^[9]

Μέχρι το 2009 το Κέντρο Τεκμηρίωσης της Καμπότζης (Documentation Center of Cambodia) είχε χαρτογραφήσει 23.745 σημεία όπου υπήρχαν μαζικοί τάφοι, που περιείχαν τις σωρούς τουλάχιστον 1,3 εκατομμυρίων θυμάτων.

Παραπομπές[Επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]

↑ Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality Crises: The Case of Cambodia, 1970–1979". Forced Migration and Mortality. National Academies Press. pp. 102–105. ISBN 9780309073349. "As best as can now be estimated, over two million Cambodians died during the 1970s because of the political events of the decade, the vast majority of them during the mere four years of the 'Khmer Rouge' regime. This number of deaths is even more staggering when related to the size of the Cambodian population, then less than eight million. ... Subsequent reevaluations of the demographic data situated the death toll for the [civil war] in the order of 300,000 or less."
↑ Kiernan, Ben (2003). "The Demography of Genocide in Southeast Asia: The Death Tolls in Cambodia, 1975–79, and East Timor, 1975–80". Critical Asian Studies. 35 (4): 585–597. doi:10.1080/1467271032000147041. S2CID 143971159. "We may safely conclude, from known pre- and post-genocide population figures and from professional demographic calculations, that the 1975-79 death toll was between 1.671 and 1.871 million people, 21 to 24 percent of Cambodia's 1975 population."
↑ Locard, Henri (March 2005). "State Violence in Democratic Kampuchea (1975–1979) and Retribution (1979–2004)". European Review of History. 12 (1): 121–143. doi:10.1080/13507480500047811. S2CID 144712717. "Between 17 April 1975 and 7 January 1979 the death toll was about 25% of a population of some 7.8 million; 33.5% of men were massacred or died unnatural deaths as against 15.7% of the women, and 41.9% of the population of Phnom Penh. ... Since 1979, the so-called Pol Pot regime has been equated to Hitler and the Nazis. This is why the word 'genocide' (associated with Nazism) has been used for the first time in a distinctly Communist regime by the invading Vietnamese to distance themselves from a government they had overturned. This 'revisionism' was expressed in several ways. The Khmer Rouge were said to have killed 3.3 million, some 1.3 million more people than they had in fact killed. There was one abominable state prison, S–21, now the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum. In fact, there were more than 150 on the same model, at least one per district. ... For the United States in particular, denouncing the crimes of the Khmer Rouge was not at the top of their agenda in the early 1980s. Instead, as in the case of Afghanistan, it was still at times vital to counter what was perceived as the expansionist policies of the Soviets. The USA prioritised its budding friendship with the Democratic Republic of China to counter the 'evil' influence of the USSR in Southeast Asia, acting through its client state, revolutionary Vietnam. All the ASEAN countries shared that vision. So it became vital, with the military and financial help of China, to revive and develop armed resistance to the Vietnamese troops, with the resurrected KR at its core. ... [France] was instrumental in forcing the Sihanoukists and the Republicans to form an obscene alliance with its former tormentors, the KR, under the name of the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea (CGDK) in 1982. In so doing, the international community officially reintegrated some of the worst perpetrators of crimes against humanity into the world diplomatic sphere..."
↑ Mayersan, Deborah (2013). "'Never Again' or Again and Again". In Deborah Mayersen, Annie Pohlman (ed.). Genocide and Mass Atrocities in Asia: Legacies and Prevention. Routledge. σελ. 182
↑ Etcheson, Craig (2005). After the Killing Fields: Lessons from the Cambodian Genocide. Greenwood, σελ. 119
↑ Heuveline, Patrick (1998). "'Between One and Three Million': Towards the Demographic Reconstruction of a Decade of Cambodian History (1970–79)". Population Studies. 52 (1): σελ. 49–65
↑ https://www.unhcr.org/3ebf9bad0.html σελ. 91 -92
↑ http://p-eworldtour.com/2017/03/27/the-killing-fields/
↑ https://www.eccc.gov.kh/en/articles/judgement-case-00201-be-pronounced-7-august-2014

[1] Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality Crises: The Case of Cambodia, 1970–1979". Forced Migration and Mortality. National Academies Press. pp. 102–105. ISBN 9780309073349. "As best as can now be estimated, over two million Cambodians died during the 1970s because of the political events of the decade, the vast majority of them during the mere four years of the 'Khmer Rouge' regime. This number of deaths is even more staggering when related to the size of the Cambodian population, then less than eight million. ... Subsequent reevaluations of the demographic data situated the death toll for the [civil war] in the order of 300,000 or less."

[2] Kiernan, Ben (2003). "The Demography of Genocide in Southeast Asia: The Death Tolls in Cambodia, 1975–79, and East Timor, 1975–80". Critical Asian Studies. 35 (4): 585–597. doi:10.1080/1467271032000147041. S2CID 143971159. "We may safely conclude, from known pre- and post-genocide population figures and from professional demographic calculations, that the 1975-79 death toll was between 1.671 and 1.871 million people, 21 to 24 percent of Cambodia's 1975 population."

[3] Locard, Henri (March 2005). "State Violence in Democratic Kampuchea (1975–1979) and Retribution (1979–2004)". European Review of History. 12 (1): 121–143. doi:10.1080/13507480500047811. S2CID 144712717. "Between 17 April 1975 and 7 January 1979 the death toll was about 25% of a population of some 7.8 million; 33.5% of men were massacred or died unnatural deaths as against 15.7% of the women, and 41.9% of the population of Phnom Penh. ... Since 1979, the so-called Pol Pot regime has been equated to Hitler and the Nazis. This is why the word 'genocide' (associated with Nazism) has been used for the first time in a distinctly Communist regime by the invading Vietnamese to distance themselves from a government they had overturned. This 'revisionism' was expressed in several ways. The Khmer Rouge were said to have killed 3.3 million, some 1.3 million more people than they had in fact killed. There was one abominable state prison, S–21, now the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum. In fact, there were more than 150 on the same model, at least one per district. ... For the United States in particular, denouncing the crimes of the Khmer Rouge was not at the top of their agenda in the early 1980s. Instead, as in the case of Afghanistan, it was still at times vital to counter what was perceived as the expansionist policies of the Soviets. The USA prioritised its budding friendship with the Democratic Republic of China to counter the 'evil' influence of the USSR in Southeast Asia, acting through its client state, revolutionary Vietnam. All the ASEAN countries shared that vision. So it became vital, with the military and financial help of China, to revive and develop armed resistance to the Vietnamese troops, with the resurrected KR at its core. ... [France] was instrumental in forcing the Sihanoukists and the Republicans to form an obscene alliance with its former tormentors, the KR, under the name of the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea (CGDK) in 1982. In so doing, the international community officially reintegrated some of the worst perpetrators of crimes against humanity into the world diplomatic sphere..."

[4] Mayersan, Deborah (2013). "'Never Again' or Again and Again". In Deborah Mayersen, Annie Pohlman (ed.). Genocide and Mass Atrocities in Asia: Legacies and Prevention. Routledge. σελ. 182

[5] Etcheson, Craig (2005). After the Killing Fields: Lessons from the Cambodian Genocide. Greenwood, σελ. 119

[6] Heuveline, Patrick (1998). "'Between One and Three Million': Towards the Demographic Reconstruction of a Decade of Cambodian History (1970–79)". Population Studies. 52 (1): σελ. 49–65

[7] ttps://www.unhcr.org/3ebf9bad0.html σελ. 91 -92

[8] ttp://p-eworldtour.com/2017/03/27/the-killing-fields/

[9] ttps://www.eccc.gov.kh/en/articles/judgement-case-00201-be-pronounced-7-august-2014

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